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The impact of war on the development of welfare states in the Western world has recently attracted growing attention (Castles,  Journal of European  Social Policy, 20, 91–101, 2010; Rehm, Risk Inequality and Welfare States. Social Policy Preferences, Development, and Dynamics. Cambridge University Press, 2016; Obinger et al., Warfare and Welfare. Military Conflict and Welfare State Development in Western Countries. Oxford University Press, 2018). The horrors caused by both world wars, military demobilisation, post-war economic and political crises and war-induced institutional transformations created a huge demand for social protection that states were well-placed to fill. This chapter examines the impact of both world wars on the development and reshaping of social policies in the Western world. The immense costs of mass warfare also led to the introduction of new taxes such as the income tax and massive tax hikes of existing taxes. These new revenue sources were not only needed to pay for the war debt, but also brought the fiscal resources to pay for newly introduced programmes such as unemployment insurance and for the extensions of existing welfare schemes. In addition to policy innovations and reforms, both world wars also led to institutional innovations such as the establishment of welfare ministries. By using a sample of twenty-one Western countries, we present social policy trends and developments during and in the short aftermath of World Wars I and II.

Mass Warfare and the Development of the Modern Welfare State: An Analysis of the Western World, 1914–1950