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This chapter contains the meso component (Qualitative Comparative Analysis, QCA). It discusses the QCA research model, the QCA methodology, and the analysis of the QCA results.  QCA is used to analyse both quantitative and qualitative data, thus enabling causal inferences. However, QCA is  not  a statistical technique that focuses on the likelihood of the relations among variables. Instead, it is a method based on Boolean logic, rooted in set theory, and founded on the notions of sufficiency, the necessity of conditions, and conjunctural causation.  QCA results indicate, among others, that for high  competitiveness , high  EPI  suffices if  Concordats  with the Vatican are low and if the  Roman Catholic  and  Orthodox  population is low. No  State Religion  positively affects  competitiveness . Having  Concordats  with the Vatican negatively influences competitiveness. Additionally, factors like German, English, and Scandinavian legal origin help to increase competitiveness.  Oppositely, QCA results for high  corruption  indicate that  Concordats  in combination with  Roman Catholic religion adherence  increase corruption.  Orthodox religion  has a similar negative effect. Most countries with high  corruption  are of  French legal origin  and have high  Concordats . This trend is robust.  Colombia and Switzerland (the two extreme cases) exhibited several consistent QCA results. The other two cases (Cuba and Uruguay) only revealed one or two consistent outcomes.

Component 2 (Meso): Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA)