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Multi-site training methods for artificial neural networks are of particular interest to the medical machine learning community primarily due to the difficulty of data sharing between institutions. However, contemporary multi-site techniques such as weight averaging and cyclic weight transfer make theoretical sacrifices to simplify implementation. In this paper, we implement federated gradient averaging (FGA), a variant of federated learning without data transfer that is mathematically equivalent to single site training with centralized data. We evaluate two scenarios: a simulated multi-site dataset for handwritten digit classification with MNIST and a real multi-site dataset with head CT hemorrhage segmentation. We compare federated gradient averaging to single site training, federated weight averaging (FWA), and cyclic weight transfer. In the MNIST task, we show that training with FGA results in a weight set equivalent to centralized single site training. In the hemorrhage segmentation task, we show that FGA achieves on average superior results to both FWA and cyclic weight transfer due to its ability to leverage momentum-based optimization.

Federated Gradient Averaging for Multi-Site Training with Momentum-Based Optimizers