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Most of the visible matter in the Universe is ionized, so that cosmicmagnetic fields are quite easy to generate and due to the lack of magneticmonopoles hard to destroy. Magnetic fields have been measured in or aroundpractically all celestial objects, either by in-situ measurements ofspacecrafts or by the electromagnetic radiation of embedded cosmic rays, gas,or dust. The Earth, the Sun, solar planets, stars, pulsars, the Milky Way,nearby galaxies, distant radio galaxies, quasars, and even intergalactic spacein clusters of galaxies have significant magnetic fields. Even larger volumesof the Universe may be permeated by so-far invisble magnetic fields.Information on cosmic magnetic fields has increased enormously as the result ofthe rapid development of observational methods, especially in radio astronomy.In the Milky Way, a wealth of magnetic phenomena was discovered that are onlypartly related to objects visible in other spectral ranges. The large-scalestructure of the Milky Way's magnetic field is still under debate. Theavailable data for external spiral galaxies can well be explained by fieldamplification and ordering via the dynamo mechanism. The measured fieldstrengths and the similarity of field patterns and flow patterns of the diffuseionized gas give strong indication that galactic magnetic fields aredynamically important. They may affect the formation of spiral arms, outflows,and the general evolution of galaxies. In spite of our increasing knowledge onmagnetic fields, many important questions on the origin and evolution ofmagnetic fields, like their first occurrence in young galaxies or the existenceof large-scale intergalactic fields, remain unanswered. Progress can beexpected from new-generation radio telescopes like LOFAR and the SKA, for which"cosmic magnetism" is a key science project.

Magnetic Fields in the Milky Way and in Galaxies (revised version of September 2023)