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‘With the defeat of France’, the Gauleiter of Baden, Robert Wagner, wrote triumphantly to his regional party colleagues in December 1940, ‘our Heimat [homeland] has finally ceased to be a borderland. Alsace is German once more’.1 Wagner had recently been appointed as the head of the administration in annexed Alsace and given the task of overseeing the region’s integration, in as short a time as possible, into the German national community. The allocation of this task to the regional leadership of Baden was no coincidence; situated directly across the Rhine from Alsace, Baden was considered to share close ties with its neighbour in terms of race, historical development and regional culture. The incorporation of Alsace into the Reich, it was hoped, could be best achieved through simultaneous regional integration within an ‘Alemannic’ cultural community spanning the Upper Rhine, and the limits of the new administrative unit under Wagner’s control (for which the name ‘Gau Oberrhein’ was gradually introduced) were purported to reflect the ancient cultural boundaries of this single branch of the German Volk. ‘Baden and Alsace’, Wagner concluded his letter, ‘this land of identical language and identical blood on the two banks of the Upper Rhine will, in future, be the strongest bulwark of the Greater German Reich in the West.’2 Thus, while Wagner could rejoice that his narrow homeland of Baden was no longer to suffer the fate of an exposed and threatened borderland, the new Upper Rhine would still be characterized as a region by its role as the defensive wall of the national community.

Grenzlandschicksal : Historical Narratives of Regional Identity and National Duty in Gau Oberrhein , 1940 1944