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The correlation between the mass of supermassive black holes in galaxy nucleiand the mass of the galaxy spheroids or bulges (or more precisely their centralvelocity dispersion), suggests a common formation scenario for galaxies andtheir central black holes. The growth of bulges and black holes can commonlyproceed through external gas accretion or hierarchical mergers, and are bothrelated to starbursts. Internal dynamical processes control and regulate therate of mass accretion. Self-regulation and feedback are the key of thecorrelation. It is possible that the growth of one component, either BH orbulge, takes over, breaking the correlation, as in Narrow Line Seyfert 1objects. The formation of supermassive black holes can begin early in theuniverse, from the collapse of Population III, and then through gas accretion.The active black holes can then play a significant role in the re-ionization ofthe universe. The nuclear activity is now frequently invoked as a feedback tostar formation in galaxies, and even more spectacularly in cooling flows. Thegrowth of SMBH is certainly there self-regulated. SMBHs perturb their localenvironment, and the mergers of binary SMBHs help to heat and destroy centralstellar cusps. The interpretation of the X-ray background yields importantconstraints on the history of AGN activity and obscuration, and the census ofAGN at low and at high redshifts reveals the downsizing effect, alreadyobserved for star formation. History appears quite different for bright QSO andlow-luminosity AGN: the first grow rapidly at high z, and their number densitydecreases then sharply, while the density of low-luminosity objects peaks morerecently, and then decreases smoothly.Comment: 31 pages, 13 figures, review paper for Astrophysics Update

Formation and Evolution of Supermassive Black Holes