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For over 20 years, interventional methods have improved the outcomes of patients with cardiovascular disease. However, these procedures require an intricate combination of visual and tactile feedback and extensive training periods. In this paper, we describe a series of novel approaches that have lead to the development of a high-fidelity simulation system for interventional neuroradiology. In particular we focus on a new approach for real-time deformation of devices such as catheters and guidewires during navigation inside complex vascular networks. This approach combines a real-time incremental Finite Element Model, an optimization strategy based on substructure decomposition, and a new method for handling collision response in situations where the number of contacts points is very large. We also briefly describe other aspects of the simulation system, from patient-specific segmentation to the simulation of contrast agent propagation and fast volume rendering techniques for generating synthetic X-ray images in real-time.

New Approaches to Catheter Navigation for Interventional Radiology Simulation