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Deep, near-infrared imaging surveys have been motivated by the desire tostudy the rest-frame optical properties and stellar content of galaxies at highredshift. Here we briefly review their history, and illustrate one application,using HST NICMOS imaging of the Hubble Deep Field North to examine therest-frame optical luminosities and colors of galaxies at 2 < z < 3, and toconstrain their stellar masses. The rest-frame B-band luminosity density at z =2.5 is similar to that in the local universe, but the galaxies are evidentlyless massive, with rapid star formation and low mass-to-light ratios. There arefew candidates for red, non-star-forming galaxies at these redshifts to theHDF/NICMOS limits. We estimate a stellar mass density at 2 < z < 3 that is ~5%of the present-day value, with an upper bound of <= 30%. Future headway willcome from wide-field ground-based surveys, multiplexing infrared spectrographs,and new space-based facilities such as HST/WFC3 and SIRTF/IRAC.Comment: To appear in the proceedings of the ESO Symposium, "Deep Fields," ed.  S. Cristiani (Berlin: Springer). 8 pages, LaTeX, 3 postscript figure

Deep Near-Infrared Imaging Surveys and the Stellar Content of High Redshift Galaxies