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Precise, seamless, and efficient train localization as well as long‐term railway environment monitoring is the essential property towards reliability, availability, maintainability, and safety engineering for railroad systems. Simultaneous localization and mapping is right at the core of solving the two problems concurrently. To this end, we propose a high‐performance and versatile multimodal framework in this paper, targeted for the odometry and mapping task for various rail vehicles. Our system is built atop an inertial‐centric state estimator that tightly couples light detection and ranging (LiDAR), visual, optionally satellite navigation, and map‐based localization information with the convenience and extendibility of loosely coupled methods. The inertial sensors inertial measurement unit and wheel encoder are treated as the primary sensor, which achieves the observations from subsystems to constrain the accelerometer and gyroscope biases. Compared with point‐only LiDAR‐inertial methods, our approach leverages more geometry information by introducing both track plane and electric power pillars into state estimation. The visual‐inertial subsystem also utilizes the environmental structure information by employing both lines and points. Besides, the method is capable of handling sensor failures by automatic reconfiguration bypassing failure modules. Our proposed method has been extensively tested in the long‐during railway environments over 4 years, including general‐speed, high‐speed, and metro, where both passenger and freight traffic are investigated. Further, we aim to share, in an open way, the experiences, problems, and successes of our group with the robotics community so that those who work in such environments can avoid these errors. In this view, we open source some of the data sets to benefit the research community.

Four years of multimodal odometry and mapping on the rail vehicles