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This article describes the Schwarzschild orbit superposition method. It isthe state-of-the-art dynamical modelling tool for early-type galaxies. Testswith analytic models show that masses and orbital anisotropies of not tooface-on galaxies can be recovered with about 15 percent accuracy from typicalobservational data. Applying Schwarzschild models to a sample of Coma galaxiestheir dark matter halos were found to be 13 times denser than those of spiralswith the same stellar mass. Since denser halos assembled earlier, this resultindicates that the formation redshift 1+z of ellipticals is about two timeshigher than of spirals. Roughly half of the sample galaxies have halo assemblyredshifts in agreement with their stellar-population ages. Galaxies where starsappear younger than the halos show strong phase-space density gradients intheir orbital structure, indicative for dissipational evolution and possiblyconnected with secondary star-formation after the main halo assembly epoch. Theimportance of considering dark-matter in dynamical models aimed to measureblack-hole masses is briefly discussed.

Schwarzschild modelling of elliptical galaxies and their black holes