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Although health psychology is a rather recent focus of behavioral science, interest in the interplay between humans' psychological and physical well-being dates back throughout history and spans many cultures, with written discussion as far back as the fourth century bc (Hippocrates, trans. 1923). Of particular historical significance was the conceptual separation of the mind from the body by René Descartes in the sev- enteenth century (Cummings, O'Donohue, Hayes, & Follette, 2001). However, regard- ing health psychology as a subspecialty of psychology and medicine, it is useful to revisit its development over the past 30 years. If we start slightly earlier in the histori- cal timeline, early attention was paid to the effects of the psyche upon physical func- tioning and physical symptoms as early as Stanley Hall (1904), who emphasized the role of psychology in physical healing. William James (1922) discussed the role of people's individual processes in approaching work and life stresses, an idea that fore- shadowed the current conceptualization of "coping" (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). Psy- choanalytic attention to physical health generated the terms psychosomatic and psycho- somatic medicine, indicating that the "psyche," or mind, interacted with the "soma," or body. Although not specifically determined by this term, psychosomatic acquired a connotation that implied a directionality of influence. That is, the psyche affected the soma, as in somatoform disorders (DSM-IV-TR, 2000). Medical symptoms were con- ceived of as physical symptoms representing the expression of psychological distress, albeit unintentional and unconscious (Freud, 1916-1917, trans. Strachey, 2000). In- deed, the individual remained partly or wholly unconscious of the psychological etiology that created the physical symptoms. During the early twentieth century, psychodynamic investigations sought to identify particular personality organizations that would be prone to the development of physical disease (Alexander, 1950; Dunbar, 1943). While some research has continued on the "cancer-prone personality" (Eysenck, 2000; Katz & Epstein, 2005), for example, research to support it as an etio- logical factor in the disease is not very convincing (Amelang, Schmidt-Rathjens, &

Theoretical Models of Health Psychology and the Model for Integrating Medicine and Psychology