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Following Alessandro Volta’s invention of the electric battery in 1800, Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla paved the way for electricity’s widespread use by inventing the electric bulb and alternating current (AC), respectively. Figure 1.1 shows Volta demonstrating the battery for Napoleon I in 1801 at the French National Institute, Paris. Regardless of whether Volta envisioned it, his invention evolved into a worldwide electrical power Grid that provides dependable, consistent, and pervasive access to utility power and has become an integral part of modern society [1]. Inspired by the electrical power Grid’s pervasiveness, ease of use, and reliability, computer scientists in the mid-1990s began exploring the design and development of an analogous infrastructure, called the computational power Grid [4], for wide-area parallel and distributed computing [6]. The motivation for computational Grids was initially driven by large-scale, resource (computational and data)-intensive scientific applications that require more resources than a single computer [PC, workstation (WS), supercomputer, or cluster] could provide in a single administrative domain. A Grid enables the sharing, selection, and aggregation of a wide variety of geographically distributed resources, including supercomputers, storage systems, data sources, and specialized devices owned by different organizations for solving largescale resource-intensive problems in science, engineering, and commerce. Because of its potential to make impact on the twenty-first century as much as the electric power

Market‐Oriented Computing and Global Grids: An Introduction