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1. Conflation of virtual patients and virtual humans. The term virtual patient (VP) has been applied to numerous applications with different designs, technologies, and educational objectives. This heterogeneity can lead to confusion.1 The Association of American Medical Colleges’ definition of VP that the authors reference was developed in 2006 and refers to computerized clinical case simulations.2 These applications, which are largely text based with multimedia content, focus on clinical reasoning and decision making and do not utilize AI.1,3,4 The authors conflate VPs of this type with virtual humans (VHs), computerdriven conversational agents with human form that interact with humans using the full range of behaviors found in human-to-human, face-to-face interaction.5 VHs utilize AI in computer-based interpersonal communication training simulations—as virtual standardized patients,4,6 physicians, or any other human across the health care enterprise.

Response to “Emerging Roles of Virtual Patients in the Age of AI”