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The Cu-doped topological insulator Bi$_2$Se$_3$ has recently been found toundergo a superconducting transition upon cooling, raising the possibilitiesthat it is the first known "topological superconductor" or realizes a novelnon-Abelian superconducting state. Its true nature depends critically on thebulk and surface state band topology. We present the first photoemissionspectroscopy results where by examining the band topology at many differentcopper doping values we discover that the topologically protected spin-helicalsurface states remain well protected and separate from bulk Dirac bands at theFermi level where Copper pairing occurs in the optimally doped topologicalinsulator. The addition of copper is found to result in nonlinear electrondoping and strong renormalization of the topological surface states. Thesehighly unusual observations strongly suggest that superconductivity on thetopological surface of Cu$_x$Bi$_2$Se$_3$ cannot be of any conventional type inaccount of the general topological theory. Characteristics of the threedimensional bulk Dirac band structure are reported for the first time withrespect to the superconducting doping state and topological invariantproperties which should help formulate a specific theory for this novelsuperconductor.

Observation of unconventional band topology in a superconducting doped  topological insulator, Cux-Bi2Se3: Topological Superconductor or non-Abelian  superconductor?