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In the past years, water has become a global concern. This essential andirreplaceable resource is unevenly distributed between Continents. North Africaand Middle East Arabic countries appear to be the most menaced area. From astarting point : 4.3% of the world population has access to only 0.67% of theresources for sustainable soft water. After decades of voluntarism, self-help,and of technical and development keen interest, times of worries have started.Since the 50's, all the efforts, in the Arabic World, have tended towards themobilization of increasing volumes. The expected advantages of irrigatedagriculture and production of electricity have been lauded, as well as theextension of distribution networks in cities and country side districts.Today's big construction works contribute to legitimize present acting teams:projects such as the Assouan high dam in Egypt, in its time the largest in theworld and the Syrian dam of Tabqa, the Moroccan slogan for a million irrigatedhectares. Under the triple shock of drought, pollution, and the tremendousgrowth of needs engendered by population increase and urban growth, the naturalresource which we thought would be available for ever has become a scarceeconomical good. The terms change fundamentally: scarcity, shortage, pollution,confrontation are the key words of a new problematic time. Past certaintiesfade away. We all have to ask ourselves the right questions and drawconclusions. It might be better in this field not to adopt too sharp attitudesand not to criticize systematically what used to be a short time ago the way toprogress.

Le monde arabe face aux d\'efis de l'eau : enjeux et conflits