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The determination of Saturn's atmospheric noble gas abundances are criticalto understanding the formation and evolution of Saturn, and giant planets ingeneral. These measurements can only be performed with an entry probe. A Saturnprobe will address whether enhancement in heavy noble gases, as was found inJupiter, are a general feature of giant planets, and their ratios will be apowerful constraint on how they form. The helium abundance will show the extentto which helium has phase separated from hydrogen in the planet's deepinterior. Jupiter's striking neon depletion may also be tied to its heliumdepletion, and must be confirmed or refuted in Saturn. Together with Jupiter'smeasured atmospheric helium abundance, a consistent evolutionary theory forboth planets, including "helium rain" will be possible. We will then be able tocalibrate the theory of the evolution of all giant planets, includingexoplanets. In addition, high pressure H/He mixtures under giant planetconditions are an important area of condensed matter physics that are beyondthe realm of experiment.

Planetary Formation and Evolution Revealed with a Saturn Entry Probe: The Importance of Noble Gases