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In this work, we study the relationship between the superconducting phase andpseudogap phase in a real-space picture. We suggest that the superconductingground states are guaranteed by the energy minimum charge structure of thequasi-one-dimensional Peierls chains (static vortex lines). It is shown thatthere is a charge ordering phase transition from the Peierls chains (thesuperconducting ground state) to the periodic chains (the superconductingexcited state) in any superconductors. In our scenarios, all thesuperconducting electrons can be considered as the "inertial electrons"at somestable zero-force positions. Furthermore, we prove analytically that twoelectrons, due to a short-range real space Coulomb confinement effect (thenearest-neighbor electromagnetic interactions), can be in pairing inside asingle plaquette with four negative ions. This implies that the pseudogapphenomenon can be found from a wide variety of materials, not just the cupratesuperconductors.

A Real Space Description of the Superconducting and Pseudogap Phase