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We study the frictional drag force in low-dimensional systems (2D-electronand 2D-liquid systems) mediated by a fluctuating electromagnetic field whichoriginate from Brownian motion of ions in liquid. The analysis is focused onthe [2D-system-2D-system], [2D-system-semi-infinite liquid], and[2D-system-infinite liquid] configurations. We show that for 2D-electronsystems the friction drag depends linearly on the relative velocity of the freecarries of charge in the different media, but for 2D-liquid systems thefrictional drag depends nonlinear on the relative velocity. For 2D-systems thefrictional drag force induced by liquid flow may be several orders of magnitudelarger than the frictional drag induced by an electronic current.

Frictional Drag induced in Low- Dimensional Systems by Brownian Motion of Ions in Liquid Flow