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Data storage relies on the handling of two states, called bits. The market ofmass storage is currently still dominated by magnetic technology, hard diskdrives for the broad public and tapes for massive archiving. In these deviceseach bit is stored in the form of the direction of magnetization of nanosizedmagnetic domains, i.e. areas of ferromagnetic materials displaying a uniformmagnetization. While miniaturization is the conventional way to fuel thecontinuous increase of device density, disruptive solutions are also sought. Tothese pertain in recent years many fundamental studies no longer consideringthe magnetic domains themselves, but the manipulation of the domain walls (DWs)that separate such domains. Concepts of storage and logic based on thepropagation of DWs along lithographically-patterned stripes have been patented,while many fundamental aspects of DW propagation deeply related to condensedmatter physics are still hotly debated. If one now considers magnetic dots ofsubmicrometer dimensions, the magnetization has a tendency to curl along theouter edges of the nanostructure to close its magnetic flux and thereby reduceits magnetostatic energy. Then both domains and DWs of well-defined geometriesarise, whose combined manipulation has been proposed as a multilevel magneticstorage scheme...

How many bits may fit in a single magnetic dot? XMCD-PEEM evidences the switching of N\'eel caps inside Bloch domain walls