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Responding mechanically to environmental requests, muscles show asurprisingly large variety of functions. The studies of in vivo cycling musclesqualified skeletal muscles into four principal locomotor patterns: motor,brake, strut, and spring. While much effort of has been done in searching formuscle design patterns, no fundamental concepts underlying empiricallyestablished patterns were revealed. In this interdisciplinary study, continuummechanics is applied to the problem of muscle structure in relation tofunction. The ability of a powering muscle, treated as a homogenous solidorgan, tuned to efficient locomotion via the natural frequency is illuminatedthrough the non-linear elastic muscle moduli controlled by contractionvelocity. The exploration of the elastic force patterns known in solid statephysics incorporated in activated skeletal and cardiac muscles via themechanical similarity principle yields analytical rationalization for locomotormuscle patterns. Besides the explanation of the origin of muscle allometricexponents observed for muscles in legs of running animals and wings of flyingbirds, the striated muscles are patterned through primary and secondaryactivities expected to be useful in designing of artificial muscles andmodeling living and extinct animals.

Scaling functional patterns of skeletal and cardiac muscles: New non-linear elasticity approach