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Under the conditions prevalent in the late Pleistocene (small hunter-gatherergroups and frequent inter-group conflicts), coevolution of gene-relatedbehavior and culturally transmitted group-level institutions provides aplausible explanation for the parochial altruistic and reciprocator traits ofmost modern humans. When, with the agricultural revolution, societies becamelarger and more complex, the collective nature of the monitoring and punishmentof norm violators was no longer effective. This led to the emergence of newinstitutions of governance and social hierarchies. Likely, the smoothacceptance of the new institutions was possible only because, in the majorityof the population, the reciprocator trait had become an internalized norm.However the new ruling class has its own dynamics which in turn may lead to newsocial crisis. Using a simple model, inspired on previous work by Bowles andGintis, these effects are studied here.

Cooperation, punishment, emergence of government and the tragedy of authorities