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Although researchers often comment on the rising popularity ofnature-inspired meta-heuristics (NIM), there has been a paucity of data todirectly support the claim that NIM are growing in prominence compared to otheroptimization techniques. This study presents evidence that the use of NIM isnot only growing, but indeed appears to have surpassed mathematicaloptimization techniques (MOT) in several important metrics related to academicresearch activity (publication frequency) and commercial activity (patentingfrequency). Motivated by these findings, this article discusses some of thepossible origins of this growing popularity. I review different explanationsfor NIM popularity and discuss why some of these arguments remain unsatisfying.I argue that a compelling and comprehensive explanation should directly accountfor the manner in which most NIM success has actually been achieved, e.g.through hybridization and customization to different problem environments. Bytaking a problem lifecycle perspective, this paper offers a fresh look at thehypothesis that nature-inspired meta-heuristics derive much of their utilityfrom being flexible. I discuss global trends within the business environmentswhere optimization algorithms are applied and I speculate that highly flexiblealgorithm frameworks could become increasingly popular within our diverse andrapidly changing world.

Survival of the flexible: explaining the recent dominance of nature-inspired optimization within a rapidly evolving world