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We propose a sociohistorical framework for better understanding the evolutionin the use of telescopes. We define two regimes of use : a general-purpose (orsurvey) one, where the telescope governs research, and a dedicated one, inwhich the telescope is tailored to a specific project which includes a networkof other tools. This conceptual framework is first applied to the history ofthe 80-cm telescope of Toulouse Observatory, which is initially anchored in ageneral-purpose regime linked to astrometry. After a transition in the 1930s,it is integrated in a dedicated regime centered on astrophysics. This evolutionis compared to that of a very similar instrument, the 80-cm telescope ofMarseille Observatory, which converts early on to the dedicated regime with theFabry-Perot interferometer around 1910, and, after a period of idleness, isagain used in the survey mode after WWII. To further validate our new concept,we apply it to the telescopes of Washburn Observatory, of DominionAstrophysical Observatory and of Meudon Observatory. The uses of the differenttelescopes illustrate various combinations of the two regimes, which can besuccessive, simultaneous or alternating. This conceptual framework is likely tobe applicable to other fields of pure and applied science.

General-purpose and dedicated regimes in the use of telescopes