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When, and how, did the first galaxies and supermassive black holes (SMBH)form, and how did they reionization the Universe? First galaxy formation andcosmic reionization are among the last frontiers in studies of cosmic structureformation. We delineate the detailed astrophysical probes of early galaxy andSMBH formation afforded by observations at centimeter through submillimeterwavelengths. These observations include studies of the molecular gas (= thefuel for star formation in galaxies), atomic fine structure lines (= thedominant ISM gas coolant), thermal dust continuum emission (= an ideal starformation rate estimator), and radio continuum emission from star formation andrelativistic jets. High resolution spectroscopic imaging can be used to studygalaxy dynamics and star formation on sub-kpc scales. These cm and mmobservations are the necessary compliment to near-IR observations, which probethe stars and ionized gas, and X-ray observations, which reveal the AGN.Together, a suite of revolutionary observatories planned for the next decadefrom centimeter to X-ray wavelengths will provide the requisite panchromaticview of the complex processes involved in the formation of the first generationof galaxies and SMBHs, and cosmic reionization.

Imaging the cool gas, dust, star formation, and AGN in the first galaxies