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Over the past five years, searches in Sloan Digital Sky Survey data have morethan doubled the number of known dwarf satellite galaxies of the Milky Way, andhave revealed a population of ultra-faint galaxies with luminosities smallerthan typical globular clusters, L ~ 1000 Lsun. These systems are the faintest,most dark matter dominated, and most metal poor galaxies in the universe.Completeness corrections suggest that we are poised on the edge of a vastdiscovery space in galaxy phenomenology, with hundreds more of these extremegalaxies to be discovered as future instruments hunt for the low-luminositythreshold of galaxy formation. Dark matter dominated dwarfs of this kind probethe small-scale power-spectrum, provide the most stringent limits on thephase-space packing of dark matter, and offer a particularly useful target fordark matter indirect detection experiments. Full use of dwarfs as dark matterlaboratories will require synergy between deep, large-area photometricsearches; spectroscopic and astrometric follow-up with next-generation opticaltelescopes; and subsequent observations with gamma-ray telescopes for darkmatter indirect detection.

Dwarf Galaxies in 2010: Revealing Galaxy Formation's Threshold and Testing the Nature of Dark Matter