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Newly-formed planetary systems with ages of <10 Myr offer many uniqueinsights into the formation, evolution, and fundamental properties ofextrasolar planets. These planets have fallen beyond the limits of pastsurveys, but as we enter the next decade, we stand on the threshold of severalcrucial advances in instrumentation and observing techniques that will finallyunveil this critical population. In this white paper, we consider severalclasses of planets (inner gas giants, outer gas giants, and ultrawideplanetary-mass companions) and summarize the motivation for their study, thethe observational tests that will distinguish between competing theoreticalmodels, and the infrastructure investments and policy choices that will bestenable future discovery. We propose that there are two fundamental questionsthat must be addressed: 1) Do planets form via core accretion, gravitationalinstability, or a combination of the two methods? 2) What do the atmospheres aninteriors of young planets look like, and does the mass-luminosity relation ofyoung planets more closely resemble the "hot start" or "cold start" models? Toaddress these questions, we recommend investment in high-resolution NIRspectrographs (existing and new), support for innovative new techniques andpathfinder surveys for directly-imaged young exoplanets, and continuedinvestment in visible-light adaptive optics to allow full characterization ofwide "planetary-mass" companions for calibrating planet evolutionary models. Insummary, testing newly proposed planet formation and evolutionary predictionswill require the identification of a large population of young (<10 Myr)planets whose orbital, atmospheric, and structural properties can be studied.

The Formation and Architecture of Young Planetary Systems