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The Cold Dark Matter theory of gravitationally-driven hierarchical structureformation has earned its status as a paradigm by explaining the distribution ofmatter over large spans of cosmic distance and time. However, its centraltenet, that most of the matter in the universe is dark and exotic, is stillunproven; the dark matter hypothesis is sufficiently audacious as to continueto warrant a diverse battery of tests. While local searches for dark matterparticles or their annihilation signals could prove the existence of thesubstance itself, studies of cosmological dark matter in situ are vital tofully understand its role in structure formation and evolution. We argue thatgravitational lensing provides the cleanest and farthest-reaching probe of darkmatter in the universe, which can be combined with other observationaltechniques to answer the most challenging and exciting questions that willdrive the subject in the next decade: What is the distribution of mass onsub-galactic scales? How do galaxy disks form and bulges grow in dark matterhalos? How accurate are CDM predictions of halo structure? Can we distinguishbetween a need for a new substance (dark matter) and a need for new physics(departures from General Relativity)? What is the dark matter made of anyway?We propose that the central tool in this program should be a wide-field opticalimaging survey, whose true value is realized with support in the form ofhigh-resolution, cadenced optical/infra-red imaging, and massive-throughputoptical spectroscopy.

Dark Matter Structures in the Universe: Prospects for Optical Astronomy in the Next Decade