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Individual mRNAs are translated by multiple ribosomes that initiatetranslation with a few seconds interval. The ribosome speed is codon dependant,and ribosome queuing has been suggested to explain specific data fortranslation of some mRNAs in vivo. By modelling the stochastic translationprocess as a traffic problem, we here analyze conditions and consequences ofcollisions and queuing. The model allowed us to determine the on-rate (0.8 to1.1 initiations per sec) and the time (1 sec) the preceding ribosome occludesinitiation for Escherichia coli lacZ mRNA in vivo. We find that ribosomecollisions and queues are inevitable consequences of a stochastic translationmechanism that reduce the translation efficiency substantially on naturalmRNAs. The cells minimize collisions by having its mRNAs being unstable and bya highly selected codon usage in the start of the mRNA. The cost of mRNAbreakdown is offset by the concomitant increase in translational efficiency.

Ribosome collisions and Translation efficiency: Optimization by codon usage and mRNA destabilization