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The standard model of gravitational structure formation is based on the Jeans1902 acoustic theory, neglecting nonlinear instabilities controlled byviscosity, turbulence and diffusion. Because the Jeans scale L_J for the hotprimordial plasma is always slightly larger than the scale of causal connectionct, where c is the speed of light and t is the time after the big bang, it hasbeen assumed that no plasma structures could form without guidance from a cold(so L_J CDM is small) collisionless cold-dark-matter CDM fluid to givecondensations that gravitationally collect the plasma. Galaxies by this CDMmodel form by gradual hierarchical-clustering of CDM halos to galaxy mass overbillions of years. No observations exist of CDM halos. Gravitationalinstability is non-linear and absolute, controlled by viscous and turbulentforces or by diffusivity at Schwarz length scales smaller than ct. Because theuniverse during the plasma epoch is rapidly expanding, the first structuresformed were at density minima by fragmentation when the viscous-gravitionalscale L_SV first matched ct at 30,000 years to produce protosupercluster voidsand protosuperclusters. Weak turbulence produced at expanding void boundariesguide the morphology of smaller fragments down to protogalaxy size just beforetransition to gas at 300,000 years. The size of the protogalaxies reflect theplasma Kolmogorov scale with a linear and spiral morphology predicted by theNomura direct numerical simulations and confirmed by deep field space telescopeobservations. On transition to gas the kinematic viscosity decreases by tentrillion so the protogalaxies fragment as Jeans scale clouds, each with atrillion earth-mass planets, as predicted by Gibson 1996 and observed by Schild1996.

Turbulent formation of protogalaxies at the end of the plasma epoch: theory and observations