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The origin of diversification and coexistence of genes and species have beentraditionally studied in isolated biological levels. Ecological andevolutionary views have focused on the mechanisms that enable or constrainspecies coexistence, genetic variation and the genetics of speciation, but aunified theory linking those approaches is still missing. Here we introduceevolutionary graphs in the context of neutral theories of molecular evolutionand biodiversity to provide a framework that simultaneously addressesspeciation rate and joint genetic and species diversities. To illuminate thisquestion we also study two models of evolution on graphs with fitnessdifferences, which provide insights on how genetic and ecological dynamicsdrive the speed of diversification. Neutral evolution generates the highestspeed of speciation, species richness (i.e. five times and twice as manyspecies as compared to genetic and ecological graphs, respectively) andgenetic--species diversity (i.e., twice as many as genetic and ecologicalgraphs, respectively). Thus the speed of speciation, the genetic--speciesdiversity and coexistence can differ dramatically depending on whether geneticfactors versus ecological factors drive the evolution of the system. By linkingmolecular, sexual and trophic behavior at ecological and evolutionary scales,interacting graphs can illuminate the origin and evolution of diversity andorganismal coexistence.

Unifying Theories of Molecular, Community and Network Evolution