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This paper proposes a simple, generic and robust method to extract the grainsfrom experimental tridimensionnal images of granular materials obtained byX-ray tomography. This extraction has two steps: segmentation and splitting.For the segmentation step, if there is a sufficient contrast between thedifferent components, a classical threshold procedure followed by a successionof morphological filters can be applied. If not, and if the boundary needs tobe localized precisely, a watershed transformation controlled by labels isapplied. The basement of this transformation is to localize a label included inthe component and another label in the component complementary. A "soft"threshold following by an opening is applied on the initial image to localize alabel in a component. For any segmentation procedure, the visualisation shows aproblem: some groups of two grains, close one to each other, become connected.So if a classical cluster procedure is applied on the segmented binary image,these numerical connected grains are considered as a single grain. To overcomethis problem, we applied a procedure introduced by L. Vincent in 1993. Thisgrains extraction is tested for various complexes porous media and granularmaterial, to predict various properties (diffusion, electrical conductivity,deformation field) in a good agreement with experiment data.

Conceptualization of seeded region growing by pixels aggregation. Part  4: Simple, generic and robust extraction of grains in granular materials  obtained by X-ray tomography