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Investigating X-ray luminous galaxy clusters at z>~1 provides a fundamentalconstraint on evolutionary studies of the largest virialized structures in theUniverse, the baryonic matter in form of the hot ICM, their galaxy populations,and the effects of Dark Energy. The main aim of this work is to establish theobservational foundation for the XMM-Newton Distant Cluster Project (XDCP).This new serendipitous survey is focused on the most distant systems at z>1,based on the selection of extended X-ray sources, their identification asclusters via two-band imaging, and their final spectroscopic confirmation.Almost 1000 extended sources were selected as cluster candidates from theanalysis of 80 deg^2 of deep XMM-Newton archival data, of which 75% could bereadily identified as systems at z<~0.6. For the remaining 250 distant clustercandidates a new strategy for their confirmation and redshift estimates wasadopted, based on Z- and H-band photometry and the observed Z-H red-sequencecolor of early-type cluster galaxies. From observations of 25% of the sample,more than 20 X-ray clusters were discovered at a photometric redshift ofz>~0.9. The new Z-H method has allowed a cluster sample study over anunprecedented redshift baseline of 0.2<~z<~1.5. From a comparison of theobserved color evolution of the red-sequence with model predictions, theformation epoch of early-type galaxies could be constrained as z_f=4.2+-1.1,confirming their well-established old age. The preliminary investigation of theH-band luminosity evolution of 63 BCGs provides for the first time directobservational indications that the most massive cluster galaxies have doubledtheir stellar mass since z~1.5. The finding that BCGs were assembled in thelast 9Gyr is now in qualitative agreement with the latest simulations.

Studying Cosmic Evolution with the XMM-Newton Distant Cluster Project: X-ray Luminous Galaxy Clusters at z>~1 and their Galaxy Populations