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The commensurate $p/q$-filled $n$-component Hubbard chain was investigated bybosonization and high-precision density-matrix renormalization-group analysis.It was found that depending on the relation between the number of components$n$, and the filling parameter $q$, the system shows metallic or insulatingbehavior, and for special fillings bond-ordered (dimerized, trimerized,tetramerized etc.) ground state develops in the insulating phase. A mean-fieldanalysis shows that this bond ordering is a direct consequence of thespin-exchange interaction, which plays a crucial role in the one-parameterHubbard model -- not only for infinite Coulomb repulsion, but for intermediatevalues as well.

The Role of the Exchange Interaction in the One-Dimensional $n$-Component Hubbard Model