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In the 1960s speculations arose if a ground state exists in solid statematerials with an electron and a hole bound to a pair with their spins added tointeger values, i.e. excitons. Here we show that electrons and holes inTmSe0.45Te0.55 do form excitons as the thermodynamical ground state. Theformation of a large number of excitons in an indirect gap semiconductorrequires momentum conservation by means of phonons and, hence, implies asignificant change of the heat capacity of the lattice, as foundexperimentally. The thermodynamically derived phase diagram sustains a bosonicground state in condensed matter.

Thermodynamical Signatures of an Excitonic Insulator