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An analytical method was developed, to estimate uncertainties in fulltwo-port Vector Network Analyzer measurements, using total differentials ofS-parameters. System error uncertainties were also estimated from totaldifferentials involving two triples of standards, in the Direct Throughconnection case. Standard load uncertainties and measurement inaccuracies wererepresented by independent differentials. Complex uncertainty in any quantity,differentiably dependent on S-parameters, is estimated by the correspondingDifferential Error Region. Real uncertainties, rectangular and polar, areestimated by the orthogonal parallelogram and annular sector circumscribedabout the Differential Error Region, respectively. From the user's point ofview, manufactures' data may be used to set the independent differentials andapply the method. Demonstration results include: (1) System error differentialsfor Short, matching Load and Open pairs of opposite sex standards; (2) Systemerror uncertainties for VNA extended by two lengthy transmission lines ofopposite sex end-connectors; (3) High uncertainties in Z-parameters againstfrequency of an appropriately designed, DC resistive, T-Network; (4) Moderateuncertainties in amplitude and phase patterns of a designed UHF radial disconeantenna (azimuthally rotated by a built positioner, under developed softwarecontrol of a built hardware controller) polarization coupled with a constructedgain standard antenna (stationary) into an anechoic chamber.

S-Parameter Uncertainties in Network Analyzer Measurements with Application to Antenna Patterns