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Very much like the ubiquitous quantum interference of a single particle withitself, quantum interference of two independent, but indistinguishable,particles is also possible. This interference is a direct result of quantumexchange statistics, however, it is observed only in the joint probability tofind the particles in two separated detectors. Here we report the firstobservation of such interference fringes between two independent andnon-interacting electrons in an interferometer proposed by Yurke et al. andSamuelsson et al. Our experiment resembles the "Hanbury Brown and Twiss" (HBT)experiment, which was performed with classical waves. In the experiment, twoindependent and mutually incoherent electron beams were each partitioned intotwo trajectories. The combined four trajectories enclosed an Aharonov-Bohm (AB)flux (but not the two trajectories of a single electron). While individualcurrents were found to be independent of the AB flux, as expected, thecross-correlation between current fluctuations in two opposite points acrossthe device exhibited strong AB oscillations. This is a direct signature oforbital entanglement between two electrons even though they never interact witheach other.

Interference between two independent electrons: observation of two-particle Aharonov-Bohm interference