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Collaborative beamforming (CB) and cooperative transmission (CT) haverecently emerged as communication techniques that can make effective use ofcollaborative/cooperative nodes to create a virtualmultiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) system. Extending the lifetime ofnetworks composed of battery-operated nodes is a key issue in the design andoperation of wireless sensor networks. This paper considers the effects onnetwork lifetime of allowing closely located nodes to use CB/CT to reduce theload or even to avoid packet-forwarding requests to nodes that have criticalbattery life. First, the effectiveness of CB/CT in improving the signalstrength at a faraway destination using energy in nearby nodes is studied.Then, the performance improvement obtained by this technique is analyzed for aspecial 2D disk case. Further, for general networks in whichinformation-generation rates are fixed, a new routing problem is formulated asa linear programming problem, while for other general networks, the cost forrouting is dynamically adjusted according to the amount of energy remaining andthe effectiveness of CB/CT. From the analysis and the simulation results, it isseen that the proposed method can reduce the payloads of energy-depleting nodesby about 90% in the special case network considered and improve the lifetimesof general networks by about 10%, compared with existing techniques.

Lifetime Improvement in Wireless Sensor Networks via Collaborative Beamforming and Cooperative Transmission