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In the past decade, our understanding of galaxy evolution has beenrevolutionized by the discovery that luminous, dusty, starburst galaxies were1,000 times more abundant in the early Universe than at present. It has,however, been difficult to measure the complete redshift 2 distribution ofthese objects, especially at the highest redshifts (z > 4). Here we report aredshift survey at a wavelength of three millimeters, targeting carbon monoxideline emission from the star-forming molecular gas in the direction ofextraordinarily bright millimetrewave-selected sources. High-resolution imagingdemonstrates that these sources are strongly gravitationally lensed byforeground galaxies. We detect spectral lines in 23 out of 26 sources andmultiple lines in 12 of those 23 sources, from which we obtain robust,unambiguous redshifts. At least 10 of the sources are found to lie at z > 4,indicating that the fraction of dusty starburst galaxies at high redshifts isgreater than previously thought. Models of lens geometries in the sampleindicate that the background objects are ultra-luminous infrared galaxies,powered by extreme bursts of star formation.

Dusty starburst galaxies in the early Universe as revealed by gravitational lensing