Open AccessSPECIAL RADICALS FOR NEAR-RING
Author(s) -
Gary F. Birkenmeier,
Henry E. Heatherly,
Enoch K. S. Lee
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
tamkang journal of mathematics
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.324
H-Index - 18
eISSN - 0049-2930
pISSN - 2073-9826
DOI - 10.5556/j.tkjm.27.1996.3956
Subject(s) - radical , mathematics , prime (order theory) , ring (chemistry) , lemma (botany) , pure mathematics , class (philosophy) , combinatorics , chemistry , computer science , organic chemistry , artificial intelligence , ecology , poaceae , biology
The concept of a special radical for near-rings has been treated in several nonequivalent, but related, ways in the recent literature. We use the version due to K. Kaarli to establish that various prime radicals and the nil radical are special radicals on the class A of all near-rings which satisfy an extended version of the Andrunakievich Lemma. Since A includes all d.g. near-rings—and much more—these results significantly extend results previously obtained by Kaarli and by Groenewald. We also obtain special radical results for the Jacobson type radicals 30 and 3 1 , albeit on less extensive classes. Examples are given which illustrate and delimit the theory developed.