Cardiac resynchronization therapy system implantation complications

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) using coronary sinus (CS) leads is an established method for the therapy of congestive heart failure (CHF) in the case of asynchronous ventricular contractions. Successful therapy depends on the placement of left ventricular leads usually via the coronary sinus (CS), a technically more challenging procedure than regular pacemaker implantations. Without speci c precautions CRT implantation can be the gateway to a time-consuming nightmare. Therefore, CS lead implantation methods, with a focus on complications, were reviewed according to the literature and our own experience with approximately 4500 procedures from 2002-2021.