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TESS has proven to be a powerful resource for finding planets, includingthose that orbit the most prevalent stars in our galaxy: the M dwarfs.Identification of stellar companions (both bound and unbound) has become astandard component of the transiting planet confirmation process in order toassess the level of light curve dilution and the possibility of the targetbeing a false positive. Studies of stellar companions have also enabledinvestigations into stellar multiplicity in planet-hosting systems, which haswide-ranging implications for both exoplanet detection and characterization, aswell as for the formation and evolution of planetary systems. Speckle and AOimaging are some of the most efficient and effective tools for revealingclose-in stellar companions; we therefore present observations of 58 M-dwarfTOIs obtained using a suite of speckle imagers at the 3.5-m WIYN telescope, the4.3-m Lowell Discovery Telescope, and the 8.1-m Gemini North and Southtelescopes. These observations, as well as near-infrared adaptive optics imagesobtained for a subset (14) of these TOIs, revealed only two close-in stellarcompanions. Upon surveying the literature, and cross-matching our sample withGaia, SUPERWIDE, and the catalog from El-Badry et al. (2021), we reveal anadditional 15 widely-separated common proper motion companions. We alsoevaluate the potential for undetected close-in companions. Taking intoconsideration the sensitivity of the observations, our findings suggest thatthe orbital period distribution of stellar companions to planet-hosting Mdwarfs is shifted to longer periods compared to the expected distribution forfield M dwarfs.

A Dearth of Close-In Stellar Companions to M-dwarf TESS Objects of Interest