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Saline–alkaline stress negatively impacts agriculture by altering soil properties, reducing nutrient availability, and causes oxidative damage that limits plant growth. This study evaluated coconut shell biochar (CSB) functionalized with citric acid (BCA) or ascorbic acid (BAA) to mitigate saline–alkaline stress (50 mM NaCl + 10 mM NaHCO 3 ) in tomatoes grown in calcareous soil (pH = 8.03). BCA and BAA were studied at low doses (0.0 g, 1.25 g, 2.50 g, 5.00 g and 10.00 g kg −1  soil), in addition to an unstressed treatment and treatment with saline–alkaline stress without CSB. Nutrient content (NO3−{\text{NO}}_{3}^{-}, K⁺, Ca 2 ⁺) transitory in petiole cell extract (PCE) and soil solution, soil enzyme activity, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems were evaluated. The application of 10.00 g BCA kg −1  soil increased the K +  content (79%) on PCE, while 1.25 g BCA kg −1  soil increased the yield (43.03%). Treatment 10.00 g BCA kg −1  soil increase GSH content (152.28%) and RuBisCO activity (22.85%). Furthermore, the data showed that CA-functionalized CSB induced positive modulation in the total phenol content (+7.4%), flavonoids (+72.9%), glutathione peroxidase (+687%), catalase (+62%), and ascorbate peroxidase (+20.2%) activities compared to saline–alkaline stress treatment without CSB. The same treatment improved in soil alkaline phosphatase (+87%), urease (+35.8%), β- N -acetylglucosaminidase (+20%), and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis (+155.7%) activities. The use of CSB-functionalized at low doses can potentially mitigate the effects of salt–alkali stress on tomatoes in calcareous soils and can be used as a sustainable strategy for agriculture.

open agriculture

Citric acid–modified coconut shell biochar mitigates saline–alkaline stress in  Solanum lycopersicum  L. by modulating enzyme activity in the plant and soil