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The port of al-Ṭūr underwent major expansion in the late fourteenth century, though it was intermittently active since the late thirteenth century. Its rise coincided with the decline of nearby al-Rāyah, likely due to silting. Under the Mamlūks, especially during Barsbāy’s reign, al-Ṭūr became a key hub for trade, pilgrimage, and military use. Documentary evidence suggests year-round activity from the mid-15th century onward. Archival records also highlight the role of the local Christian community and St. Catherine’s Monastery in the port’s operations.

Bandar al-Ṭūr. A Port on the Red Sea and Its Development in the Ninth/Fifteenth Century