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Background  By transporting and scarifying the seeds during ingestion, avian frugivores reduce the competition with siblings, and may improve the germination which is critical for dispersal effectiveness and population recruitment. However, generally, there is limited knowledge on how deposited seeds interact/compete in the new microsite. We tested the hypothesis that the bird-dispersed seeds benefit from improved germination after their passage through the bird’s gut; and we investigated the potential impact of seed density on competition at the microsites by determining whether seed density and species diversity influence germination in the Free State Province, South Africa.    Results  Overall, the results partly supported the hypothesis. Germination trials with defecated seeds of five plant species compared with the manually depulped seeds showed that only  Searsia lancea  had significantly higher seed germination success and improved germination speed after passage through the bird gut while  Ziziphus mucronata  only benefited rapid germination. There was a significant correlation between seed size and the germination of bird-ingested seeds except in  Olea subsp. africana  possibly due to possession of extremely hard protective seed cover .  Seed competition experiments pointed to  Z. mucronata  and  O. subsp. africana  having significant germination performance that was positively correlated to seed density and seed size while  Ehretia rigida  did not germinate at all. Seed species diversity in the germination trays did not have a significant impact since the seeds of two former plant species consistently displayed significantly higher germination across the competition levels.    Conclusions  We conclude that different plant species respond differently to seed ingestion by birds, and that further long-term tests for germination physiological responses of the seeds’ samples used in this study are required since poor germination observed in other tree/shrub species cannot be attributed to competition solely.

Interspecific competition in germination of bird-dispersed seeds in a habitat with sparse tree vegetation in South Africa