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Background  Domesticated pigs are the main source of  Trichinella  sp. infections for humans, particularly when reared in backyards or free-ranging. In temperate areas of southern Europe, most pigs are farmed under controlled housing conditions, but sows and sometimes fattening pigs have access to outdoors to improve animal welfare. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether outdoor access of breeding pigs farmed under controlled housing conditions can represent a risk for  Trichinella  sp. transmission when the farm is located in an agricultural area interspersed with wooded areas and badlands, where  Trichinella  spp. could be present in wildlife.    Methods  Serum samples were collected from 63 breeding sows and one boar before and after their access to an open fenced area for 2 months and from 84 pigs that never had outdoor access. Samples were screened for anti- Trichinella  antibodies by ELISA, and positive sera were confirmed using Western blot (Wb) excretory/secretory antigens. To detect  Trichinella  sp. larvae, muscle tissues from serologically positive and negative pigs were tested by artificial digestion.    Results  Thirteen (20.6%) sows and one boar tested positive with both ELISA and Wb. No larvae were detected in muscle samples of serologically positive and serologically negative pigs. Positive serum samples were then tested by Wb using crude worm extract as antigens. The Wb banding pattern displayed was that characteristic of encapsulated species ( Trichinella spiralis  or  Trichinella britovi ).    Conclusions  The detection of anti- Trichinella  antibodies without larvae in the pig muscles, supported by epidemiological data, suggests that pigs may have been exposed to  T. britovi . This study stresses the importance of instigating monitoring systems at farm level to prevent  Trichinella  sp. transmission and to investigate, through a landscape parasitological study, the suitability of a site before the planting of a high containment level pig farm in which the sows can have outside access to improve their welfare during pregnancy.    Graphical abstract

Animal welfare and zoonosis risk: anti-Trichinella antibodies in breeding pigs farmed under controlled housing conditions