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Background  Although malaria and  Anopheles  mosquito vectors are highly prevalent in Côte d’Ivoire, limited data are available to help understand the malaria vector density and transmission dynamics in areas bordering the country. To address this gap, the  Anopheles  mosquito species diversity, the members of the  Anopheles gambiae  complex and the transmission of malaria were assessed in four health districts along the borders of Côte d’Ivoire.    Methods  From July 2016 through December 2016 and July 2017 through December 2017, adult  Anopheles  mosquitoes were collected in four health districts of Côte d’Ivoire (Aboisso, Bloléquin, Odienné and Ouangolodougou) using standardized window exit trap (WET) and pyrethrum knockdown spray collection (PSC) methods. The collected mosquitoes were identified morphologically at species level and the members of the  An. gambiae  complex were separated using short interspersed nuclear element-based polymerase chain reaction  ( SINE-PCR).  Anopheles gambiae  sensu lato  (s.l.) ,  Anopheles funestus s.l.  and  Anopheles nili  specimens were analysed for malaria  Plasmodium  parasite detection using the cytochrome oxidase I gene (COX-I), and malaria prevalence among human population through local Ministry of Health (MoH) statistical yearbooks.    Results  A total of 281 female  Anopheles  were collected in Aboisso, 754 in Bloléquin, 1319 in Odienné and 2443 in Ouangolodougou. Seven  Anopheles  species were recorded including  An. gambiae s.l.  (94.8–99.1%) as the main vector, followed by  An. funestus s.l.  (0.4–4.3%) and  An. nili  (0–0.7%). Among  An. gambiae s.l .,  Anopheles coluzzii  represented the predominant species in Aboisso (89.2%) and Bloléquin (92.2%), while  An. gambiae  sensu stricto ( s.s .) was the major species in Odienné (96.0%) and Ouangolodougou (94.2%). The  Plasmodium  sporozoite infection rate in  An. gambiae s.l.  was highest in Odienné (11.0%; n = 100) followed by Bloléquin (7.8%, n = 115), Aboisso (3.1%; n = 65) and Ouangologoudou (2.5%; n = 120). In  An. funestus s.l .,  Plasmodium falciparum  sporozoite infection rate was estimated at 6.2% (n = 32) in Bloléquin, 8.7% (n = 23) in Odienné. No  An. funestus s.l.  specimens were found infected with  P. falciparum  sporozoite infection in Ouangolodougou and Aboisso. No  P. falciparum  sporozoite was detected in  An. nili  specimens in the four health districts. Among the local human populations, malaria incidence was higher in Odienné (39.7%; n = 45,376) and Bloléquin (37.6%; n = 150,205) compared to that in Ouangolodougou (18.3%; n = 131,629) and Aboisso (19.7%; n = 364,585).    Conclusion   Anopheles  vector species diversity, abundance and  Plasmodium  sporozoite infection were high within the health districts along the borders of the country of Côte d’Ivoire, resulting in high malaria transmission among the local populations.  Anopheles gambiae s.l . and  An. funestus s.l.  were found to be highly infected with  Plasmodium  in the health districts of Bloléquin and Odienné where higher malaria incidence was observed than the other districts. This study provides important information that can be used to guide Côte d’Ivoire National Malaria Control Programme for vector control decision-making, mainly in districts that are at the country borders.

Assessing Anopheles vector species diversity and transmission of malaria in four health districts along the borders of Côte d’Ivoire