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Background  Rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) are commonly used for the diagnosis of malaria caused by  Plasmodium falciparum . However, false negative results of RDT caused by genetic variation of  P. falciparum  histidine-rich protein 2 and 3 genes ( pfhrp2/3)  threaten existing malaria case management and control efforts. The main objective of this study was to investigate the genetic variations of the  pfhrp2/3  genes.    Methods  A cross-sectional study was conducted from malaria symptomatic individuals in 2018 in Assosa zone, Ethiopia. Finger-prick blood samples were collected for RDT and microscopic examination of thick and thin blood films. Dried blood spots (DBS) were used for genomic parasite DNA extraction and molecular detection. Amplification of parasite DNA was made by quantitative PCR. DNA amplicons of  pfhrp2/3  were purified and sequenced.    Results  The PfHRP2 amino acid repeat type isolates were less conserved compared to the PfHRP3 repeat type. Eleven and eight previously characterized PfHRP2 and PfHRP3 amino acid repeat types were identified, respectively. Type 1, 4 and 7 repeats were shared by PfHRP2 and PfHRP3 proteins. Type 2 repeats were found only in PfHRP2, while types 16 and 17 were found only in PfHRP3 with a high frequency in all isolates. 18 novel repeat types were found in PfHRP2 and 13 novel repeat types were found in PfHRP3 in single or multiple copies per isolate. The positivity rate for PfHRP2 RDT was high, 82.9% in PfHRP2 and 84.3% in PfHRP3 sequence isolates at parasitaemia levels > 250 parasites/µl. Using the Baker model, 100% of the isolates in group A (If product of types 2 × type 7 repeats ≥ 100) and 73.7% of the isolates in group B (If product of types 2 × type 7 repeats 50–99) were predicted to be detected by PfHRP2 RDT at parasitaemia level > 250 parasite/μl.    Conclusion  The findings of this study indicate the presence of different PfHRP2 and PfHRP3 amino acid repeat including novel repeats in  P. falciparum  from Ethiopia. These results indicate that there is a need to closely monitor the performance of PfHRP2 RDT associated with the genetic variation of the  pfhrp2  and  pfhrp3  gene in  P. falciparum  isolates at the country-wide level.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-021-03928-3.

malaria journal

Genetic variation of Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 and 3 in Assosa zone, Ethiopia: its impact on the performance of malaria rapid diagnostic tests