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Background  Diabetes mellitus is a common disease effecting the lifestyles of majority world population. In this research work, we have embarked the potential role of crude extracts and isolated compounds of  Notholirion thomsonianum  for the management diabetes mellitus.    Methods  The crude extracts of  N. thomsonianum  were initially evaluated for α-glucosidase, α-amylase and antioxidant activities. The compounds were isolated from the activity based potent solvent fraction. The structures of isolated compounds were confirmed with NMR and MS analyses. The isolated compounds were tested for  α -glucosidase,  α -amylase, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and DPPH activities. The molecular docking studies were carried out to find the binding interactions of isolated compounds for  α -glucosidase,  α -amylase and PTP1B.    Results  Initially, we screened out crude extracts and subfractions of  N. thomsonianum  against different in-vitro targets. Among all, Nt.EtAc was observed a potent fraction among all giving IC 50  values of 67, 70, < 0.1, 89 and 16 μg/mL against  α -glucosidase,  α -amylase, DPPH, ABTS and H 2 O 2  respectively. Three compounds (Nt01, Nt02 and Nt03) were isolated from Nt.EtAc of  N. thomsonianum . The isolated compounds Nt01, Nt02 and Nt03 exhibited IC 50  values of 58.93, 114.93 and 19.54 μM against α-glucosidase, while 56.25, 96.54 and 24.39 μM against  α -amylase respectively. Comparatively, the standard acarbose observed IC 50  values were 10.60 and 12.71 μM against  α -glucosidase,  α -amylase respectively. In PTP1B assay, the compounds Nt01, Nt02 and Nt03 demonstrated IC 50  values of 12.96, 36.22 and 3.57 μM in comparison to the standard ursolic acid (IC 50  of 3.63 μM). The isolated compounds also gave overwhelming results in DPPH assay. Molecular docking based binding interactions for  α -glucosidase,  α -amylase and PTP1B were also encouraging.    Conclusions  In the light of current results, it is obvious that  N. thomsonianum  is potential medicinal plant for the treatment of hyperglycemia. Overall, Nt.EtAc was dominant fraction in all in-vitro activities. Three compounds Nt01, Nt02 and Nt03 were isolated from ethyl acetate fraction. The Nt03 specifically was most potent in all in-vitro assays. The molecular docking studies supported our in-vitro results. It is concluded that  N. thomsonianum  is a rich source of bioactive antidiabetic compounds which can be further extended to in-vivo based experiments.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-021-03443-7.

bmc complementary medicine and therapies

Crude extract and isolated bioactive compounds from Notholirion thomsonianum (Royale) Stapf as multitargets antidiabetic agents: in-vitro and molecular docking approaches