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Background  E-cigarette  ever-use  and  current-use  among teenagers has increased worldwide, including in Ireland.    Methods  We use data from two Irish waves (2015, 2019) of the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and other Drugs (ESPAD) to investigate gender and teenage e-cigarette use ( n  = 3421 16-year-olds). Using chi-square analyses, we report changes in e-cigarette  ever-use, current-use , and associated variables. Using multivariable logistic regression, we analyse the increase in e-cigarette use and socio-demographic, personal, peer and familial associations, focusing on gender differences.    Results  E-cigarette  ever-use  increased from 23% in 2015 to 37% in 2019, and  current-use  from 10 to 18%. Compared with 2015, the odds in 2019, of becoming both an e-cigarette  ever-user  and  current-user , were significantly higher for girls than boys ( ever-use : AOR 2.67 vs 2.04;  current-use : AOR 3.11 vs 1.96). Smoking and  e-cigarette use  are linked but never-smokers who try e-cigarettes rose significantly from 33 to 67% and those using e-cigarettes to quit smoking decreased significantly from 17 to 3%. Almost two-thirds of respondents (66%) in 2019 said that their reason for trying e-cigarettes was “out of curiosity”. Peer smoking is significantly associated with likelihood of e-cigarette  ever-use  (AOR 6.52) and  current-use  (AOR 5.45). If “Most/All friends smoke”, odds were significantly higher for boys than for girls ( ever-use  AOR 7.07 vs 6.23;  current-use  AOR 5.90 vs 5.31). Less parental monitoring is significantly associated with greater  e-cigarette ever-use  (AOR 3.96) and  current-use  (4.48), and having parents who usually don’t know where their child is on Saturday nights was also associated with significantly higher odds for boys than for girls ( ever-use  AOR 5.42 vs 3.33;  current-use  AOR 5.50 vs 3.50).    Conclusion  Respondents had significantly higher odds of being e-cigarette ever- and current-users in 2019 compared with 2015. Use is higher among boys but girls are increasingly at risk. Two-thirds had never smoked cigarettes at first e-cigarette use; two-thirds used out of curiosity but few (3%) for smoking cessation. The most prominent risk factors for e-cigarette use were peer- and parent-related, especially so for boys. Interventions that take account of friend and family influences may provide mechanisms for preventing an increasing risk of nicotine addiction.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-12113-9.

bmc public health

Friends and family matter Most: a trend analysis of increasing e-cigarette use among Irish teenagers and socio-demographic, personal, peer and familial associations