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Background   Trichomonas tenax  may appear in the oral cavity of humans due to poor dentition or oral hygiene. Pyopneumothorax is a serious complication of lower respiratory tract infections that very rarely can be caused by a trichomonad species in predisposed individuals. We report a rare case of pleurisy due to  T. tenax  with coinfection by a fungus.    Case presentation  We describe a 16-year-old patient with cerebral palsy who presented with severe pyopneumothorax.  T. tenax  was identified by microscopic examination of the pleural effusion and next-generation sequencing. We also identified  Geotrichum capitatum  in the pleural effusion and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cultures. Treatment with voriconazole and metronidazole successfully eliminated these pathogens and relieved the clinical symptoms. A literature review indicated this is the first reported case of pleurisy due to  T. tenax  with coinfection by a fungus.    Conclusion  The rarity of pyopneumothorax caused by  T. tenax  coinfection with a fungus should not be overlooked in the clinic. These patients should be and treated in a timely manner.

Pyopneumothorax from coinfection by Trichomonas tenax and Geotrichum capitatum in a child from China: a case report